What is the cause of solar prominences and the cause of sunspots?Questions I'd like to include: 1)What is the cause of solar prominences, and the...

Solar prominences are huge, loop like extensions emanating
from the sun's photosphere outward through the corona.  Prominences are loops of plasma,
similar to the composition of the chromosphere.  The largest prominence ever measured
was roughly the radius of the sun itself.  Solar prominences resemble eruptions similar
to the eruptions of volcanoes here on Earth, which are caused by pressure within the
Earth's mantle and crust.  Although the chemical composition is different, perhaps the
principle is the same, that the prominence is a solar "eruption" of hot solar
gases.

Sunspots are cooler areas of activity onthe sun. 
They are visible as darker areas on the surface of the sun, and go through regular
cycles one may observe.  Sunspots are areas of high magnetic activity that resist the
convective cycles of heat transfer within the sun's layers, so they appear darker as a
result of lowered temperatures.

Does "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall" portray the five stages of death as presented by Kubbler-Ross as a theme?

This is a rather novel way of approaching this excellent
short story. Let us remember that the five stages of death as presented by Kubbler Ross
are, in order: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance. Whilst death is a
clear theme in "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall," I would question whether her
experience of death precisely fits this scheme of acknowledging and accepting our own
mortality. We can definitely see the first stage of denial in the way that Granny
Weatherall tells of the doctor at the beginning of the story and criticises her
daughter, however the stream-of-thought narrative that follows and the many flashbacks
and the way in which the past intrudes on the present makes it difficult for us to
discern the other stages in this compellling narrative. I don't see any anger or
bargaining, or even much depression concerning Granny's impending death. There is very
definitely however acceptance at the end of the story when Granny Weatherall decides,
symbolically, to give herself up to death in the face of the totality of her second
"jilting" by God:

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She stretched herself with a deep breath and blew
out the light.

This action of
blowing out the light is of course representative of Granny Weatherall's acceptance of
her own death and her own embracing of dying. The story does not really seem to be
focussed on one person's grappling with death, but is actually a comment on the nature
of death and the way that it can be compared to a "jilting" in the way that it is
actually an awesome darkness and loneliness.

What was the ratio of African Americans to Whites in the 1700s?]

Please note that the answer to this would be different for
different colonies (and later states) and it would be different at different points in
the 1700s.  The Southern colonies, of course, would have a much higher ratio of African
Americans to whites.  In fact, South Carolina was majority black through much of the
18th century.

In the first census taken of the population
of the United States in 1790, the slave population plus "all other free persons" who
were not white was about 750,000.  This was out of a total population of almost 3.9
million.  This would give us a ratio of about 4.2 whites to every black person.  These
numbers can be found in the link below.

For another
snapshot, census data tells us that it 1740, the New England colonies were 2.9% black,
the Middle Colonies were 7.5%, the Upper South was 28.3% and the Lower South was 46.5%. 
These numbers (source: America: A Narrative History Fifth Edition
p. 121) do not tell us the total populations of each region so we cannot get a ratio for
the colonies as a whole.  However they do give us some idea as to what the racial
mixture in the colonies was at that time.

What was the effect of the Stamp Act on American liberty?

There were at least two effects of the Stamp Act on
American liberty.  One effect was on the American liberty to govern themselves while the
other was on their liberty to be tried by a jury of their
peers.

The Stamp Act, of course, was passed by a Parliament
that did not have American representatives.  Colonial assemblies were not consulted. 
This took away from the liberty that Americans felt they had to govern
themselves.

Secondly, the Stamp Act took jurisdiction over
cases arising under it and gave that jurisdiction to vice-admiralty courts.  Cases in
these courts were heard by judges only, without juries.  This took away the liberty of
trial by jury and set up a system where rights and liberties were at the mercy of the
government only.

How is right to information useful for people?

How is RTI useful PDF Print E-mail RTI unlocks the door to
government files where all the information pertaining to your applications for passport,
licence, pension, etc. is kept and processed. It also allows you inspect government
offices, properties, works, documents, registers, and obtain samples of material. You
can ask for the datewise work done on any of your matter pending with a department. In
other words, RTI helps you go deep into the government's lair and pull out exactly what
you need. But why would you do that? Let us give you a broader view of how the RTI can
help. You face a variety of problems with the government departments, police,
educational institutions, passport offices, PWD, municipality, etc. 1. You have some
pending work with a department and they are not doing it. 2. They are expecting or
demanding a bribe. 3. You submitted a grievance but they are simply not acting on it. 4.
You made a complaint against any wrongdoing, but without any result. 5. A decision was
taken that affected you but you were not given the reasons. 6. Your company did some
government work but they are not releasing your payment. You can use the Right to
Information Act, 2005 to overcome such problems. File a request for that information
which will make government officers uncomfortable or expose their corruption. Usually,
this forces them to act and do your work first & then report a positive status
so that you may be kept in good humour.

Why did Black Americans fail to receive full freedom after the end of the Civil War in 1865?

One reason African Americans did not achieve full freedom
after the Civil War was they really lost their right to vote. Though the 15th Amendment
states that the right to vote cannot be denied on account of race, African Americans
were denied this right. One way African Americans were deprived of their right to vote
was through the use of poll taxes.  A poll tax was a payment a person would have to make
in order to vote.  African Americans were the poorest members of society so many could
not afford this tax.  Another way African Americans were deprived of their right to vote
was through literacy tests.  A person would have to show that he could read and write in
order to vote.  African Americans were the least educated members of society so many
could not pass this test.  Many times these tests were rigged so African Americans would
fail them.  To allow poor, illiterate whites to vote, grandfather clauses were passed
which allowed anyone whose father or grandfather was eligible to vote before 1867 would
not have to pay the tax or take the test.  Since no African Americans were allowed to
vote prior to the passage of the 15th Amendment in 1867, the grandfather clause would
not apply to them, but would allow poor, illiterate whites to
vote. 

The South began to become completely segregated. 
Jim Crow laws were passed to enforce this segregation.  The Supreme Court in the case of
Plessy v. Ferguson said that segregation was constitutional if the separate facilities
for blacks and whites were equal. The fact that most facilities were not equal was
ignored everywhere.

Finally, organizations such as the Ku
Klux Klan were established which used violence or the threat of violence to keep African
Americans from voting, to enforce strict segregation, and to keep African Americans from
even attempting to gain their civil rights.

Evaluate the strength and effectiveness of the Soviet Air Force by 1944.Did Allied Lend-Lease aid contribute to that?

By 1944, the Soviet Air Force was very strong and very
effective.  This was because of improvements in the quality of the Soviet aircraft and
better training and doctrine for the personnel.

At the
start of the war, the Soviets had relatively poor airplanes and did not use what they
had very well.   Their pilots were poorly trained and the air force did not do a good
job of protecting planes on the ground from German air
attacks.

By 1944, however, this had changed completely.  By
that point, the USSR had two very effective fighters for use against the Germans.  These
were the Yak-3 and the LA-7.  By the end of the war, these excellent airplanes were
being produced in enough numbers that the USSR gained air superiority over the Eastern
Front.

The USSR's Air Force, then, was very strong by the
end of WWII.  This strength came not from Lend-Lease, for the most part, but from the
creation of newer and better airplanes within the USSR and from better training of its
personnel.