Christian references and influences pervade the Old
English epic poem Beowulf, perhaps in part because the poem was
probably transcribed by an early English Christian monk. In any case, the poem is full
of Christian ideas and imagery, as in some of the following examples (taken from the
Seamus Heaney translation):
- In lines 12-17, God
is credited with assisting the Danish nation by giving them yet another good king. This
very early reference to God makes the important point that everything good comes from
God and that all people (and all peoples) depend on God’s favor and
mercy. - Hrothgar, the latest in a long line of good Danish
kings, is praised for dispensing “his God-given gifts to young and old” among his people
(72). - After Hrothgar has built and occupied his glorious
hall, he and his people sit and listen as a poet celebrates God’s creation of the earth;
they listen to
. . . the clear song of a skilled
poet
telling with mastery of man’s
beginnings,
how the Almighty had made the
earth
a gleaming plain gilded with waters . . . .
(90-93)
- Grendel,
the evil and destructive monster who now begins to torment the Danes, is explicitly
associated with
Cain’s clan, whom the Creator had
outlawed
and condemned as outcasts. For the killing of
Abel
the Eternal Lord had exacted a price . . . .
(106-08)
- References
to God recur repeatedly during the opening sections of the poem, as when “the Almighty”
is said to have made Cain “anathema” (110); and when the poet mentions “giants . . . who
strove with God” (113); and when Grendel is called “God-cursed” (121); and especially
when some of the Danes are condemned for religious back-sliding when they worship Satan
as a way of coping with the threat posed by Grendel (175-86). In response, the poet
offers an emphatic declaration of Christian
belief:
. . . blessed is
he
who after death can approach the
Lord
and find friendship in the Father’s embrace.
(186-88)
It would be easy to
offer an extremely long list of such references to the Christian god as they appear
throughout Beowulf and as they profoundly color the tone and
meaning of the poem.
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